Traditionally, healthcare providers used conventional methods (such as phone, fax, or mail) to exchange patients' records. However, previous studies reported serious issues associated with non-electronic data exchange among providers, such as the inability to provide timely access to patients' medical records and unnecessary tests. Health information exchange (HIE) enables electronic access and sharing of patient medical records and health information across different healthcare settings among healthcare providers and clinicians. HIE networks facilitate interoperability across multiple healthcare entities to improve care quality, streamline clinical workflow, provide timely access to patient records, enhance inter-organizational connection, and enhance healthcare efficiency. Three are three types of HIE mechanisms, direct, look-up, and patient-based exchanges. The direct exchange is the point-topoint data sharing between authorized and trusted providers, look-up systems enable data exchange through a central database that allows other providers to send a query message and request patient records, and patient-based HIE grants more control to patients by allowing them to aggregate health information from different providers and share them with other healthcare entities as required.